INSTALL(8)		NetBSD System Manager's	Manual		    INSTALL(8)

NNAAMMEE
     IINNSSTTAALLLL --	Installation procedure for NetBSD/i386.

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
     About this	Document
     Quick install notes for the impatient
     What is NetBSD?
     Changes Between The NetBSD	8 and 9	Releases
	Installation and Partitioning Changes
     Features to be removed in a later release
     The NetBSD	Foundation
     Sources of	NetBSD
     NetBSD 9.5	Release	Contents
	NetBSD/i386 subdirectory structure
	Binary distribution sets
     NetBSD/i386 System	Requirements and Supported Devices
	Supported devices
	   Floppy controllers.
	   MFM,	ESDI, IDE, and RLL hard	disk controllers
	   SCSI	host adapters
	   MDA,	CGA, VGA, SVGA,	and HGC	Display	Adapters
	   Serial ports
	   Parallel ports.
	   Ethernet adapters
	   FDDI	adapters
	   Token-Ring adapters
	   Wireless network adapters
	   High	Speed Serial
	   Tape	drives
	   CD-ROM drives
	   Mice
	   Sound Cards
	   Game	Ports (Joysticks)
	   Miscellaneous
	   PCMCIA Controllers.
	   RAID	Controllers
	   Specific driver footnotes:
     Getting the NetBSD	System on to Useful Media
     Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
     Installing	the NetBSD System
	Running	the sysinst installation program
	   Introduction
	   Possible hardware problems
	   General
	   Quick install
	   Booting NetBSD
	   Network configuration
	   Installation	drive selection	and parameters
	   Selecting which sets	to install
	   Partitioning	the disk
	   Preparing your hard disk
	   Getting the distribution sets
	   Installation	from CD-ROM
	   Installation	using FTP
	   Installation	using NFS
	   Installation	from a floppy set
	   Installation	from an	unmounted file system
	   Installation	from a local directory
	   Extracting the distribution sets
	   Configure additional	items
	   Finalizing your installation
     Post installation steps
     Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
     Compatibility Issues With Previous	NetBSD Releases
     Using online NetBSD documentation
     Administrivia
     Thanks go to
     Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
     The End

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
   AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt
     This document describes the installation procedure	for
     NetBSD 9.5	on the _i_3_8_6 platform.  It is available in four
     different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of
     _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e,	or _._t_x_t:

	   _._p_s	   PostScript.

	   _._h_t_m_l   Standard Internet HTML.

	   _._m_o_r_e   The enhanced	text format used on UNIX-like
		   systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util-
		   ity programs.  This is the format in	which the
		   on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented.

	   _._t_x_t	   Plain old ASCII.

     You are reading the _m_o_r_e version.

   QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt
     This section contains some	brief notes describing what you
     need to install NetBSD 9.5	on a machine of	the i386 archi-
     tecture.

     ++oo	 Fetch files needed to install NetBSD.

	 Option	1: bootable CD-ROM images or USB images	contain-
	 ing the full distribution.

	 These can be found on an FTP site near	you, usually
	 located in the	_/_p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_m_a_g_e_s_/ directory.	Check the
	 list of NetBSD	_m_i_r_r_o_r_s_:
	       hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss
	 for details.

	 Option	2: bootable CD-ROM images from
	 _i_3_8_6_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_c_d_r_o_m_/.

	 These images are bootable, but	do not contain binary
	 sets.	They are intended for network installs or system
	 repair.  _b_o_o_t_._i_s_o is for VGA console installation, and
	 _b_o_o_t_-_c_o_m_._i_s_o is for installation over serial console
	 (com0,	9600 baud).

	 Option	3: boot	floppy images from
	 _i_3_8_6_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/.

	 _b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _b_o_o_t_2_._f_s are floppy images for VGA console
	 installation.	_b_o_o_t_-_c_o_m_1_._f_s and _b_o_o_t_-_c_o_m_2_._f_s are for
	 installation via serial console (com0,	9600 baud).

     ++oo	 The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI	enabled.  This is
	 known to cause	issues on a few	machines which have buggy
	 ACPI implementations.

	 To boot with ACPI disabled, interrupt the menu	and enter
	 the NetBSD boot prompt.  Type bboooott --22 to boot with ACPI
	 disabled.

     ++oo	 The actual binary distribution	is in the
	 _i_3_8_6_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ directory.  When you	boot the install
	 image,	CD-ROM or floppies, the	installation program can
	 fetch these files for you (using, e.g., ftp) if you have
	 a network connection.	There are several other	methods
	 to get	the binary sets	onto your machine.

	 You will at a minimum need one	of the kernel sets, typi-
	 cally _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, as well as _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z.
	 In a typical workstation installation you will	probably
	 want all the installation sets.

     ++oo	 Write the boot	images

	 Many commercial and freeware programs are available to
	 burn CD-ROMs.

	 If installing via USB,	you must first uncompress the USB
	 image,	which is gzipped.
	       $ gguunnzziipp	NNeettBBSSDD--99..55--ii338866--iinnssttaallll..iimmgg..ggzz
	 Next, write the USB image to a	USB stick/drive.  Note
	 that this will	overwrite any existing data on the device
	 that you specify, so double check the device before run-
	 ning!	On UNIX-like operating systems,	use a command
	 similar to the	following, replacing _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_d	with the
	 appropriate device for	your system:
	       # dddd iiff==NNeettBBSSDD--99..55--ii338866--iinnssttaallll..iimmgg ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00dd
	       bbss==3322kk
	 On Windows, you will need to use a program such as _W_i_n_3_2
	 _D_i_s_k _I_m_a_g_e_r_:
	       hhttttpp::////ssoouurrcceeffoorrggee..nneett//pprroojjeeccttss//wwiinn3322ddiisskkiimmaaggeerr//,
	 or _R_a_w_r_i_t_e_3_2_:
	       hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//~~mmaarrttiinn//rraawwrriittee3322.
	 If you	have problems writing a	raw image to a floppy,
	 the rraawwrriittee..eexxee MS-DOS	program	in the
	 _i_3_8_6_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c_/ directory may be of help.

	 The media you just prepared will be used to boot the
	 installation kernel, which contains all the tools
	 required to install NetBSD.

     ++oo	 For third-party programs which	are not	part of	the base
	 NetBSD	distribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc
	 package management system, which contains thousands of
	 third party software applications.

   WWhhaatt	iiss NNeettBBSSDD??
     The NetBSD	Operating System is a fully functional Open
     Source UNIX-like operating	system derived from the	Univer-
     sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
     4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.  NetBSD runs on many
     different different system	architectures (ports) across a
     variety of	distinct CPU families, and is being ported to
     more.  The	NetBSD 9.5 release contains complete binary
     releases for most of these	system architectures, with pre-
     liminary support for the others included in source	form.
     Please see	the NetBSD _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for
     information on them.

     NetBSD is a completely integrated system.	In addition to
     its highly	portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea-
     tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev-
     eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and
     numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

     NetBSD is a creation of the members of the	Internet commu-
     nity.  Without the	unique cooperation and coordination the
     net makes possible, NetBSD	would not exist.

   CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88	aanndd 99 RReelleeaasseess
     The NetBSD	9.5 release provides many significant changes,
     including support for many	new devices, hundreds of bug
     fixes, new	and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user-
     land enhancements.	 The result of these improvements is a
     stable operating system fit for production	use that rivals
     most commercially available systems.

     It	is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel-
     opment that went into the NetBSD 9.5 release.  The	complete
     list of changes can be found in the following files:
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._1_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..11
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._2_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..22
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._3_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..33
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._4_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..44
     _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._5_:
	   hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..55
     files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.5	release
     tree.

     _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _C_h_a_n_g_e_s

     The sysinst installation program has been reworked	for this
     release.

     It	now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT	parti-
     tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi-
     tectures.

     Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup-
     ported by NetBSD.	If you have problems partitioning the
     target disk or installing the system, please report bugs
     with as much details as possible.	See the	Administrivia
     section below on how to report bugs or contact other users
     and ask for support.

   FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee
     The following features are	to be removed from NetBSD in the
     future:

     ++oo	 groff(1).  Man	pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and
	 groff(1) can still be found in	pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f.

   TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn
     The NetBSD	Foundation is a	tax exempt, not-for-profit
     501(c)(3) corporation that	devotes	itself to the traditional
     goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and	owns the trade-
     mark of the word ``NetBSD''.  It supports the design, devel-
     opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide.	More information
     on	the NetBSD Foundation, its composition,	aims, and work
     can be found at:
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn//

   SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD
     Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_:
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//

   NNeettBBSSDD 99..55 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss
     The root directory	of the NetBSD 9.5 release is organized as
     follows:

     _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._5_/

     CHANGES	   Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases.

     CHANGES-9.0   Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and
		   final release of 9.0.

     CHANGES-9.1   Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release.

     CHANGES-9.2   Changes between the 9.1 and the 9.2 release.

     CHANGES-9.3   Changes between the 9.2 and the 9.3 release.

     CHANGES-9.4   Changes between the 9.3 and the 9.4 release.

     CHANGES-9.5   Changes between the 9.4 and the 9.5 release.

     CHANGES.prev  Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

     LAST_MINUTE   Last	minute changes and notes about the
		   release.

     README.files  README describing the distribution's	contents.

     _i_m_a_g_e_s_/	   Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for	installing
		   NetBSD.  Depending on your system, these may
		   be bootable.

     _s_o_u_r_c_e_/	   Source distribution sets; see below.

     In	addition to the	files and directories listed above, there
     is	one directory per architecture,	for each of the	architec-
     tures for which NetBSD 9.5	has a binary distribution.

     The source	distribution sets can be found in subdirectories
     of	the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory	of the distribution tree.  They
     contain the complete sources to the system.  The source dis-
     tribution sets are	as follows:

     ggnnuussrrcc    This set	contains the ``gnu'' sources, including
	       the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and
	       the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution
	       sets.

     sshhaarreessrrcc  This set	contains the ``share'' sources,	which
	       include the sources for the man pages not associ-
	       ated with any particular	program; the sources for
	       the typesettable	document set; the dictionaries;
	       and more.

     ssrrcc       This set	contains all of	the base NetBSD	9.5
	       sources which are not in	ggnnuussrrcc,	sshhaarreessrrcc, or
	       ssyyssssrrcc.

     ssyyssssrrcc    This set	contains the sources to	the NetBSD 9.5
	       kernel for all architectures as well as the
	       config(1) utility.

     xxssrrcc      This set	contains the sources to	the X Window Sys-
	       tem.

     All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s
     subdirectory of the distribution tree.

     The source	sets are distributed as	compressed tar files.
     Except for	the ppkkggssrrcc set,	which is traditionally unpacked
     into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets	may be unpacked	into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c
     with the command:
	   # ccdd	// ;; ttaarr	--zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz

     In	each of	the source distribution	set directories, there
     are files which contain the checksums of the files	in the
     directory:

	   MD5	   MD5 digests in the format produced by the com-
		   mand:
		   cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55	_f_i_l_e.

	   SHA512  SHA512 digests in the format	produced by the
		   command:
		   cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e.

     The SHA512	digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided
     so	that a wider range of operating	systems	can check the
     integrity of the release files.

     _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_3_8_6 _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e

     The i386-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.5 release is found
     in	the _i_3_8_6 subdirectory of the distribution:
     _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._5_/_i_3_8_6_/.  It contains	the following files and
     directories:

     _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l
     _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s
     _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t
     _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e  Installation	notes in various file formats,
		   including this file.	 The _._m_o_r_e file	contains
		   underlined text using the more(1) conventions
		   for indicating italic and bold display.
     _b_i_n_a_r_y_/
		   _k_e_r_n_e_l_/
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z
				       A gzipped NetBSD	kernel
				       containing code for every-
				       thing supported in this
				       release.
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_M_O_N_O_L_I_T_H_I_C_._g_z
				       The monolithic kernel
				       which doesn't use kernel
				       modules.
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z
				       The installation	kernel.
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_L_E_G_A_C_Y_._g_z
				       The kernel containing sup-
				       port for	ISA (VGA and PC
				       Display)	display	devices.
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___X_E_N_3_P_A_E___D_O_M_U_._g_z
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___X_E_N_3___D_O_M_U_._g_z
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_X_E_N_3_P_A_E___D_O_M_U_._g_z
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_X_E_N_3___D_O_M_0_._g_z
			    _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_X_E_N_3___D_O_M_U_._g_z
		   _s_e_t_s_/    i386 binary	distribution sets; see
			    below.
     _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/
		   _c_d_r_o_m_/     i386 bootable cdrom images; see
			      below.
		   _f_l_o_p_p_y_/    i386 boot	and installation flop-
			      pies; see	below.
		   _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/  i386 kernel modules providing mem-
			      ory disk root file systems for
			      expert usage.
		   _m_i_s_c_/      Miscellaneous i386 installation
			      utilities; see installation section
			      below.

     _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s

     The NetBSD	i386 binary distribution sets contain the bina-
     ries which	comprise the NetBSD 9.5	release	for i386.  The
     binary distribution sets can be found in the
     _i_3_8_6_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.5 distribution
     tree, and are as follows:

     bbaassee     The NetBSD 9.5 i386 bbaassee binary distribution.  You
	      _m_u_s_t install this	distribution set.  It contains
	      the base NetBSD utilities	that are necessary for
	      the system to run	and be minimally functional.

     ccoommpp     Things needed for	compiling programs.  This set
	      includes the system include files	(_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e)
	      and the various system libraries (except the shared
	      libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee
	      set).  This set also includes the	manual pages for
	      all of the utilities it contains,	as well	as the
	      system call and library manual pages.

     ddeebbuugg    This distribution	set contains debug information
	      for all base system utilities.  It is useful when
	      reporting	issues with binaries or	during develope-
	      ment.  This set is huge, if the target disk is
	      small, do	not install it.

     eettcc      This distribution	set contains the system	configu-
	      ration files that	reside in _/_e_t_c and in several
	      other places.  This set _m_u_s_t be installed	if you
	      are installing the system	from scratch, but should
	      _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading.

     ggaammeess    This set includes	the games and their manual pages.

     kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC
	      This set contains	a NetBSD/i386 9.5 GENERIC kernel,
	      named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d.  You _m_u_s_t install this distribution
	      set.

     mmaann      This set includes	all of the manual pages	for the
	      binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee
	      set.  Note that it does not include any of the man-
	      ual pages	that are included in the other sets.

     mmiisscc     This set includes	the system dictionaries, the
	      typesettable document set, and other files from
	      _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e.

     mmoodduulleess  This set includes	kernel modules to add functional-
	      ity to a running system.

     rreessccuuee   This set includes	the statically linked emergency
	      recover binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e.

     tteexxtt     This set includes	NetBSD's text processing tools,
	      including	groff(1), all related programs,	and their
	      manual pages.

     NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window
     System in order to	assure tight integration and compatibil-
     ity.  These sources are based on X.Org.  Binary sets for the
     X Window System are distributed with NetBSD.  The sets are:

     xxbbaassee    The basic	files needed for a complete X client
	      environment.  This does not include the X	servers.

     xxccoommpp    The extra	libraries and include files needed to
	      compile X	source code.

     xxddeebbuugg   This distribution	set contains debug information
	      for all X11 binaries.  It	is useful when reporting
	      issues with these	binaries or during developement.
	      This set is huge,	if the target disk is small, do
	      not install it.

     xxffoonntt    Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

     xxeettcc     Configuration files for X	which could be locally
	      modified.

     xxsseerrvveerr  The X server.  This includes the modular Xorg
	      server.

     The i386 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped
     tar files named with the extension	..ttggzz, e.g.  _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z.

     The instructions given for	extracting the source sets work
     equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting
     that if you use that method, the filenames	stored in the
     sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted
     _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y.  Therefore, if you want to
     extract the binaries into your system, i.e.  replace the
     system binaries with them,	you have to run	the ttaarr	--xxzzppff
     command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system.

     _N_o_t_e_:  Each directory in the i386 binary distribution also
	    has	its own	checksum files,	just as	the source dis-
	    tribution does.

   NNeettBBSSDD//ii338866 SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess
     NetBSD 9.5	runs on	all i486 or later PC-compatible	systems
     with 1 to 32 processors.  The minimal configuration for a
     full, standard installation is 32MB of RAM	and 250MB of disk
     space.

     NetBSD requires a numeric co-processor.  The target system
     must have one of the following processors:

     ++oo	 an i486DX or compatible

     ++oo	 an i486SX with	an i487	numeric	co-processor installed

     ++oo	 a Pentium compatible or later processor
     On	systems	with under 32MB	of memory, a custom installation
     of	NetBSD can be performed	manually.  That	procedure is not
     documented	here.

     _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s

     Explanation of bracketed footnote tags [] follows this list-
     ing.

	   ++oo   Floppy controllers.

	   ++oo   MFM, ESDI, IDE, and RLL hard disk controllers
	       There is	complete support (including IDE	DMA or
	       Ultra-DMA) for the following PCI	controllers
	       --   Acard ATA-850 and 860 based IDE Controllers
	       --   Acer	labs M5229 IDE Controller
	       --   Advanced Micro Devices AMD-756, 766,	and 768
		   IDE Controllers
	       --   CMD Tech PCI0643, 0646, 0648, and 0649 IDE
		   Controllers
	       --   Contaq Microsystems/Cypress CY82C693	IDE Con-
		   troller
	       --   HighPoint HPT366, HPT370, HPT372, and HPT374.
	       --   IBM ESDI Fixed Disk Controllers [m]
	       --   Intel PIIX, PIIX3, and PIIX4	IDE Controllers
	       --   Intel 82801
		   (ICH/ICH0/ICH2/ICH4/ICH5/ICH6/ICH7/ICH8/ICH9)
		   IDE/SATA Controllers
	       --   Promise PDC20246 (Ultra/33),	PDC20262
		   (Ultra/66), PDC20265/PDC20267 (Ultra/100),
		   PDC20268 (Ultra/100TX2 and Ultra/100TX2v2),
		   Ultra/133, Ultra/133TX2, and	Ultra/133TX2v2.
	       --   Promise SATA150 serial-ATA controllers:
		   PDC20318, PDC20319, PDC20371, PDC20375,
		   PDC20376, PDC20377, PDC20378	and PDC20379.
	       --   Silicon Integrated System 5597/5598 IDE con-
		   troller
	       --   VIA Technologies VT82C586, VT82C586A,
		   VT82C596A, VT82C686A, and VT8233A IDE Con-
		   trollers
	       --   Silicon Image SATALink controllers
	       --   Silicon Image SteelVine SATA	controllers [*]
		   [+]

	       Most of these controllers are only available in
	       multifunction PCI chips.	 Other PCI IDE con-
	       trollers	are supported, but performance may not be
	       optimal.	 ISA, ISA Plug and Play	and PCMCIA IDE
	       controllers are supported as well.

	   ++oo   SCSI host adapters
	       --   Adaptec AHA-154xA, -B, -C, and -CF
	       --   Adaptec AHA-1640 cards (MCA variant of
		   AHA-1540) [m]
	       --   Adaptec AHA-174x
	       --   Adaptec AIC-6260 and	AIC-6360 based boards,
		   including the Adaptec AHA-152x, Adaptec
		   APA-1460 (PCMCIA) and APA-1480 (CardBus), and
		   the SoundBlaster SCSI host adapter.

		   _N_o_t_e_:  You cannot boot from these boards if
			  they do not have a boot ROM; conse-
			  quently only the AHA-152x and	mother-
			  boards using this chip are likely to be
			  bootable.

	       --   Adaptec AHA-2910, 2915, 2920, and 2930C
		   adapters.
	       --   Adaptec AHA-2x4x[U][2][W] cards and onboard
		   PCI designs using the AIC-7770, AIC-7850,
		   AIC-7860, AIC-7870, AIC-7880	and AIC-789x
		   chipsets.
	       --   Adaptec AHA-394x[U][W] cards	[b]
	       --   Adaptec AHA-3950U2 cards
	       --   Adaptec AHA-3960, 19160, and	29160 Ultra-160
		   adapters
	       --   AdvanSys ABP-9x0[U][A] cards
	       --   AdvanSys ABP-940UW[68], ABP-970UW[68], and
		   ASB3940UW-00	cards
	       --   AMD PCscsi-PCI (Am53c974) based SCSI	adapters,
		   including Tekram DC-390
	       --   BusLogic 54x	(Adaptec AHA-154x clones)
	       --   BusLogic 445, 74x, 9xx (but not the new
		   `FlashPoint'	series of BusLogic SCSI	adapters)
	       --   Qlogic ISP [12]0x0 SCSI/FibreChannel	boards
	       --   Seagate/Future Domain ISA SCSI adapter cards
		   ++oo   ST01/02
		   ++oo   Future Domain TMC-885
		   ++oo   Future Domain TMC-950
	       --   Symbios Logic (NCR) 53C8xx-based PCI	SCSI host
		   adapters
		   ++oo   Acculogic PCIpport
		   ++oo   ASUS SC-200 (requires NCR BIOS on mother-
		       board to	boot from disks)
		   ++oo   ASUS SC-875
		   ++oo   ASUS SP3[G] motherboard onboard SCSI
		   ++oo   DEC Celebris XL/590 onboard SCSI
		   ++oo   Diamond FirePort	40
		   ++oo   Lomas Data SCSI adapters
		   ++oo   NCR/SYM 8125 (and its many clones; be
		       careful,	some of	these cards have a jumper
		       to set the PCI interrupt; leave it on INT
		       A!)
		   ++oo   Promise DC540 (a	particularly common OEM
		       model of	the SYM	8125)
		   ++oo   Tekram DC-390U/F
		   ++oo   Tyan Yorktown
	       --   Symbios Logic (NCR) 5380/53C400-based ISA SCSI
		   host	adapters [*]
	       --   Ultrastor 14f, 34f, and (possibly) 24f
	       --   Western Digital WD7000 SCSI and TMC-7000 host
		   adapters (ISA cards only)

	   ++oo   MDA, CGA, VGA, SVGA, and	HGC Display Adapters

	       _N_o_t_e_:  Not all of the display adapters NetBSD/i386
		      can work with are	supported by X.	 See the
		      NetBSD Guide chapter on X	for more informa-
		      tion:
			    hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll

	   ++oo   Serial ports
	       --   8250/16450-based ports
	       --   16550/16650/16750-based ports
	       --   AST-style 4-port serial cards [*]
	       --   BOCA	8-port serial cards [*]
	       --   BOCA	6-port (ioat) serial cards [*]
	       --   IBM PC-RT 4-port serial cards [*]
	       --   TCOM	TC-400 (4-port), TC-800	(8-port) serial
		   cards [*]
	       --   Single-port Hayes ESP serial	cards [*]
	       --   Cyclades Cyclom-Y serial cards [*] [+]
	       --   Addonics FlexPort 8S	8-port serial cards [*]
	       --   Byte	Runner Technologies TC-400 and TC-800
		   serial cards	[*]
	       --   PCI universal communication cards

	   ++oo   Parallel	ports.	[*] [+]

	   ++oo   Ethernet	adapters
	       --   Agere/LSI ET1310/ET1301 10/100/Gigabit Ether-
		   net device
	       --   AMD LANCE and PCnet-based ISA Ethernet
		   adapters [*]
		   ++oo   Novell NE1500T
		   ++oo   Novell NE2100
		   ++oo   Kingston	21xx
		   ++oo   Digital EtherWORKS II ISA adapters
		       (DE200/DE201/DE202)
	       --   AMD LANCE and PCnet-based MCA Ethernet
		   adapters [m]
		   ++oo   SKNET Personal
		   ++oo   SKNET MC+
	       --   AMD PCnet-based PCI Ethernet	adapters
		   ++oo   Addtron AE-350
		   ++oo   BOCALANcard/PCI
		   ++oo   SVEC FD0455
		   ++oo   X/Lan Add-On Adapter
		   ++oo   IBM #13H9237 PCI	Ethernet Adapter
	       --   AT&T	StarLAN	10, EN100, and StarLAN Fiber
	       --   Attansic/Atheros L2 Fast-Ethernet card
	       --   3COM	3c501
	       --   3COM	3c503
	       --   3COM	3c505 [*]
	       --   3COM	3c507
	       --   3COM	3c509, 3c579, 3c589, and 3c59X
	       --   3COM	3c523 EtherLink/MC [m]
	       --   3COM	3c529 EtherLink	III [m]
	       --   3COM	3c90X (including 3c905B), 3c450, 3c55X,
		   3c575, 3c980, 3cSOHO100
	       --   Digital DC21x4x-based PCI Ethernet adapters
		   ++oo   Accton EN2242
		   ++oo   ASUS PCI-DEC100TX+
		   ++oo   Cogent EM1X0, EM960 (a.k.a. Adaptec
		       ANA-69XX)
		   ++oo   Cogent EM964 [b]
		   ++oo   Cogent EM4XX [b]
		   ++oo   Compex Readylink	PCI
		   ++oo   DANPEX EN-9400P3
		   ++oo   Digital Celebris	GL, GLST on-board ether-
		       net
		   ++oo   DEC (Digital) PCI Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
		       adapters	(all)
		   ++oo   DLINK DFE500-TX
		   ++oo   JCIS Condor JC1260
		   ++oo   JMicron Technologies JMC250/JMC260 con-
		       trollers	[*] [+]
		   ++oo   Linksys PCI Fast	Ethernet
		   ++oo   SMC EtherPower 10, 10/100 (PCI only!)
		   ++oo   SMC EtherPower^2	[b]
		   ++oo   Sundance	ST-201 based ethernet adapters
		       (including DLINK	DFE550-TX and DFE580-TX)
		   ++oo   SVEC PN0455
		   ++oo   SVEC FD1000-TP
		   ++oo   Znyx ZX34X
	       --   Digital EtherWORKS III ISA adapters
		   (DE203/DE204/DE205) [*]
	       --   Digital DEPCM-BA (PCMCIA) and DE305 (ISA)
		   NE2000-compatible cards
	       --   BICC	Isolan [* and not recently tested]
	       --   Efficient Networks EN-155 and Adaptec AIC-590x
		   ATM interfaces
	       --   Essential Communications Hippi (800 Mbit/s)
	       --   Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A based cards
		   ++oo   Fujitsu FMV-180 series
		   ++oo   Allied-Telesis AT1700 series
		   ++oo   Allied-Telesis AT1700 series MCA	[m]
		   ++oo   Allied-Telesis RE2000 series
	       --   Intel EtherExpress 16
	       --   Intel EtherExpress PRO/10
	       --   Intel EtherExpress 100 Fast Ethernet	adapters
	       --   Intel Intel PRO/1000	Gigabit	Ethernet adapters
	       --   Novell NE1000, NE2000 (ISA, PCI, PCMCIA, ISA
		   PnP)
	       --   Realtek 8129/8139 based boards
	       --   Realtek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S based boards
	       --   SMC/WD 8003,	8013, and the SMC `Elite16' ISA
		   boards
	       --   SMC/WD 8003,	8013 and IBM PS/2 Adapter/A MCA
		   boards [m]
	       --   SMC/WD 8216 (the SMC	`Elite16 Ultra'	ISA
		   boards)
	       --   SMC 91C9x-based boards (ISA and PCMCIA)
	       --   SMC EPIC/100	Fast Ethernet boards
		   ++oo   SMC Etherpower-II
	       --   Texas Instruments ThunderLAN	based ethernet
		   boards
		   ++oo   Compaq Netelligent 10/100 TX
		   ++oo   Compaq ProLiant Integrated Netelligent
		       10/100 TX
		   ++oo   Compaq Netelligent 10 T (untested)
		   ++oo   Compaq Integrated NetFlex 3/P
		   ++oo   Compaq NetFlex 3/P in baseboard variant
		       (the PCI	variant	doesn't	use the	same
		       chip!)
		   ++oo   Compaq Dual Port	Netelligent 10/100 TX
		   ++oo   Compaq Deskpro 4000 5233MMX (untested)
		   ++oo   Texas Instruments TravelMate 5000 series
		       laptop docking station Ethernet board
	       --   VIA VT3043 (Rhine) and VT86C100A (Rhine-II)
		   based ethernet boards
		   ++oo   D-Link DFE530TX

	   ++oo   FDDI adapters
	       --   Digital DEFPA PCI FDDI adapters [*] [+]
	       --   Digital DEFEA EISA FDDI adapters [*]	[+]

	   ++oo   Token-Ring adapters
	       --   IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter [+]
	       --   IBM Token-Ring Network PC Adapter II	[+]
	       --   IBM Token-Ring Network Adapter/A [+]
	       --   IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter [+]
	       --   IBM Token-Ring Network 16/4 Adapter/A [m]
	       --   IBM 16/4 ISA	Adapter	[+]
	       --   IBM Auto 16/4 Token-Ring ISA	Adapter	[+]
	       --   3COM	3C619 TokenLink	[+]
	       --   3COM	3C319 TokenLink	Velocity [+]

	   ++oo   Wireless	network	adapters
	       --   Many	Atheros	802.11 cards
	       --   3Com	AirConnect Wireless LAN
	       --   AT&T/Lucent/Agere WaveLAN/ORiNOCO IEEE
		   (802.11) PCMCIA cards
	       --   Aironet 4500/4800 and Cisco 340 series PCMCIA
		   cards
	       --   BayStack 650	802.11FH PCMCIA	cards [*] [+]
	       --   Corega Wireless LAN PCC-11 cards [*]	[+]
	       --   DEC/Cabletron RoamAbout 802.11 DS High Rate
		   cards [*] [+]
	       --   ELSA	AirLancer MC-11	card [*] [+]
	       --   Intel 2100/2200BG/2915ABG/4965AGN cards [*]
		   [+]
	       --   Intersil Prism II
	       --   Melco AIR CONNECT WLI-PCM-L11 cards [*] [+]
	       --   NetWave AirSurfer PCMCIA cards [*] [+]

	   ++oo   High Speed Serial
	       --   LAN Media Corporation SSI/LMC10000 (up to 10
		   Mbps) [*] [+]
	       --   LAN Media Corporation HSSI/LMC5200 [*] [+]
	       --   LAN Media Corporation DS3/LMC5245 [*] [+]

	   ++oo   Tape drives
	       --   Most	SCSI tape drives
	       --   Seagate and OnStream	ATAPI tape drives, possi-
		   bly others
	       --   QIC-02 and QIC-36 format (Archive- and
		   Wangtek- compatible)	tape drives [*]	[+]

	   ++oo   CD-ROM drives
	       --   Non-IDE Mitsumi CD-ROM drives [*] [+]

		   _N_o_t_e_:  The Mitsumi driver device probe is
			  known	to cause trouble with several
			  devices!

	       --   Most	SCSI CD-ROM drives
	       --   Most	ATAPI CD-ROM drives.

		   _N_o_t_e_:  Some low-priced IDE CD-ROM drives are
			  known	for being not or not fully ATAPI
			  compliant, and thus require some hack
			  (generally an	entry to a quirk table)
			  to work with NetBSD.

	   ++oo   Mice
	       --   ``Logitech''	-style bus mice	[*] [+]
	       --   Microsoft-style bus mice [*]	[+]
	       --   ``PS/2'' -style mice	[*] [+]
	       --   Serial mice (no kernel support necessary)

	   ++oo   Sound Cards
	       --   Aria	based sound cards [*]
	       --   Cirrus Logic	CS461x,	CS4280 and CS4281 audio
		   [*] [+]
	       --   Ensoniq AudioPCI [*]	[+]
	       --   ESS Technology ESS 1688 Audiodrive,
		   ES1777/1868/1869/1887/1888/888, Maestro 1/2/2E
		   and Solo-1 ES1938/1946 [*] [+]
	       --   Gravis Ultrasound Plug and Play [*] [+]
	       --   Gravis Ultrasound and Ultrasound Max	[*] [+]
	       --   NeoMagic MagicMedia 256AV / 256ZX AC'97 audio
		   [*] [+]
	       --   Personal Sound System [*] [+]
	       --   ProAudio Spectrum [*] [+]
	       --   S3 SonicVibes [*] [+]
	       --   SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, SoundBlaster
		   16 [*] [+]
	       --   VIA VT82C686A southbridge integrated	AC97
		   audio [*] [+]
	       --   Windows Sound System	[*] [+]
	       --   Yamaha YMF724/740/744/754 audio (DS-1 series)
		   [*] [+]
	       --   Yamaha OPL3-SA3 audio [*] [+]

	   ++oo   Game Ports (Joysticks) [*] [+]

	   ++oo   Miscellaneous
	       --   Advanced power management (APM) [*]
	       --   Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
		   (ACPI) [*] [+]

	   ++oo   Universal Serial	Bus (USB)
	       --   UHCI	host controllers [*] [+]
	       --   OHCI	host controllers [*] [+]
	       --   Hubs	[*] [+]
	       --   Keyboards using the boot protocol [*] [+]
	       --   Mice	[*] [+]
	       --   Printers [*]	[+]
	       --   Modems using	Abstract Control Model [*] [+]
	       --   3G wireless modems [*] [+]
	       --   Generic support for HID devices [*] [+]
	       --   Ethernet adapters [*] [+]
	       --   Audio devices [*] [+]
	       --   FTDI	based serial adapters [*] [+]
	       --   Silicon Labs	CP210x serial adapters [*] [+]
	       --   Mass	storage	devices	such as	disks, ZIP drives
		   and digital cameras [*] [+]
	       --   driver for the Prolific host-to-host	adapter
		   [*] [+]
	       --   Handspring Visor driver [*] [+]

	   ++oo   PCMCIA Controllers.
	       ISA, PCI, and ISA Plug and Play attachments
	       --   Intel 82365 PCIC, rev 0 and rev 1
	       --   Cirrus PD6710
	       --   Cirrus PD672X

	       _N_o_t_e_:  This will	work with most laptops as well as
		      with ISA cards which provide PCMCIA slots
		      for desktops.

	   ++oo   RAID Controllers
	       --   3ware Escalade family of controllers
	       --   Compaq Integrated Array (PCI) [b]
	       --   Compaq IAES (EISA)
	       --   Compaq IDA, IDA-2 (EISA)
	       --   Compaq Smart	Array 221, 3100ES, 3200, 4200,
		   4250ES (PCI)	[b]
	       --   Compaq Smart	Array 431, RAID	LC2 [b]
	       --   Compaq SMART	2, 2/E (EISA)
	       --   Compaq SMART	2/E, 2/P, 2DH, 2SL (PCI) [b]
	       --   DELL	RAID controllers
		   ++oo   PERC 2/SC
		   ++oo   PERC 2/DC
		   ++oo   PERC 4/Di
		   ++oo   PERC 4/SC
		   ++oo   PERC 4e/Si
		   ++oo   CERC 1.5
	       --   DPT SCSI RAID boards	(ISA [*], EISA and PCI)
		   ++oo   SmartCache III
		   ++oo   SmartCache IV
		   ++oo   SmartRAID III
		   ++oo   SmartRAID IV
	       --   MegaRAID controllers
		   ++oo   320-1
		   ++oo   320-2
		   ++oo   Series 418
		   ++oo   Enterprise 1200 (Series 428)
		   ++oo   Enterprise 1300 (Series 434)
		   ++oo   Enterprise 1400 (Series 438)
		   ++oo   Enterprise 1500 (Series 467)
		   ++oo   Enterprise 1600 (Series 471)
		   ++oo   Elite 1500 (Series 467)
		   ++oo   Elite 1600 (Series 493)
		   ++oo   Express 100 (Series 466WS)
		   ++oo   Express 200 (Series 466)
		   ++oo   Express 300 (Series 490)
		   ++oo   Express 500 (Series 475)

     Specific driver footnotes:

     [*]  Drivers are _n_o_t present in kernels on	the distribution
	  floppies.  Except as noted above, all	drivers	are
	  present on all disks.	 Also, at the present time, the
	  distributed kernels support only one SCSI host adapter
	  per machine.	NetBSD normally	allows more, though, so
	  if you have more than	one, you can use all of	them by
	  compiling a custom kernel once NetBSD	is installed.

     [+]  Support _i_s included in the GENERIC kernels, although it
	  is not in the	kernels	which are on the distribution
	  floppies.

     [b]  Devices require BIOS support for PCI-PCI bridging on
	  your motherboard.  Most reasonably modern Pentium moth-
	  erboards have	this support, or can acquire it	via a
	  BIOS upgrade.

     [m]  Devices are only supported by	MCA-enabled kernels.

   GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn	ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa
     If	you are	not booting off	a CD-ROM, you will need	to have
     some floppy disks to boot off; either three 1.44 MB floppies
     or	one 1.2	MB floppy.

     Use _b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _b_o_o_t_2_._f_s for VGA installation.
     _b_o_o_t_-_c_o_m_1_._f_s and _b_o_o_t_-_c_o_m_2_._f_s are available if you	wish to
     use a serial console.

     If	you are	using a	UNIX-like system to write the floppy
     images to disks, you should use the dd command to copy the
     file system image(s) (.fs file) directly to the raw floppy
     disk.  It is suggested that you read the dd(1) manual page
     or	ask your system	administrator to determine the correct
     set of arguments to use; it will be slightly different from
     system to system, and a comprehensive list	of the possibili-
     ties is beyond the	scope of this document.

     If	you are	using Microsoft	Windows	to write the floppy
     image(s) to floppy	disk, you can use the RRaawwrriittee3322	Windows
     program.  It can be downloaded from
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//~~mmaarrttiinn//rraawwrriittee3322.
     A rraawwrriittee utility for the MS-DOS environment is also avail-
     able in the _i_3_8_6_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c_/ directory of the i386
     install media.

     Installation is supported from several media types, includ-
     ing:

	   ++oo   CD-ROM /	DVD / USB-stick
	   ++oo   FTP
	   ++oo   Remote NFS partition
	   ++oo   Tape
	   ++oo   Existing	NetBSD partitions, if performing an
	       upgrade

     The steps necessary to prepare the	distribution sets for
     installation depend upon which installation medium	you
     choose.  The steps	for the	various	media are outlined below.

     _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D _/ _U_S_B_-_s_t_i_c_k  Find out	where the distribution
			       set files are on	the CD-ROM, DVD
			       or USB stick.  Likely locations
			       are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and
			       _i_3_8_6_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s.  (You only need
			       to know this if you are mixing
			       installer and installation media
			       from different versions - the
			       installer will know the proper
			       default location	for the	sets it
			       comes with).

			       Proceed to the instructions on
			       installation.

     _F_T_P		       The preparations	for this instal-
			       lation/upgrade method are easy;
			       all you need to do is make sure
			       that there's an FTP site	from
			       which you can retrieve the NetBSD
			       distribution when you're	about to
			       install or upgrade.  If you don't
			       have DHCP available on your net-
			       work, you will need to know the
			       numeric IP address of that site,
			       and, if it's not	on a network
			       directly	connected to the machine
			       on which	you're installing or
			       upgrading NetBSD, you need to know
			       the numeric IP address of the
			       router closest to the NetBSD
			       machine.	 Finally, you need to
			       know the	numeric	IP address of the
			       NetBSD machine itself.

			       Once you	have this information,
			       you can proceed to the next step
			       in the installation or upgrade
			       process.	 If you're installing
			       NetBSD from scratch, go to the
			       section on preparing your hard
			       disk, below.  If	you're upgrading
			       an existing installation, go
			       directly	to the section on upgrad-
			       ing.

     _N_F_S		       Place the NetBSD	distribution sets
			       you wish	to install into	a direc-
			       tory on an NFS server, and make
			       that directory mountable	by the
			       machine on which	you are
			       installing or upgrading NetBSD.
			       This will probably require modify-
			       ing the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the
			       NFS server and resetting	its mount
			       daemon (mountd).	 (Both of these
			       actions will probably require
			       superuser privileges on the
			       server.)

			       You need	to know	the numeric IP
			       address of the NFS server, and, if
			       you don't have DHCP available on
			       your network and	the server is not
			       on a network directly connected to
			       the machine on which you're
			       installing or upgrading NetBSD,
			       you need	to know	the numeric IP
			       address of the router closest to
			       the NetBSD machine.  Finally, you
			       need to know the	numeric	IP
			       address of the NetBSD machine
			       itself.

			       Once the	NFS server is set up
			       properly	and you	have the informa-
			       tion mentioned above, you can pro-
			       ceed to the next	step in	the
			       installation or upgrade process.
			       If you're installing NetBSD from
			       scratch,	go to the section on pre-
			       paring your hard	disk, below.  If
			       you're upgrading	an existing
			       installation, go	directly to the
			       section on upgrading.

     _T_a_p_e		       To install NetBSD from a	tape, you
			       need to make a tape that	contains
			       the distribution	set files, in
			       `tar' format.

			       If you're making	the tape on a
			       UNIX-like system, the easiest way
			       to do so	is probably something
			       like:

				     # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e
				     _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s

			       where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the	name of
			       the tape	device that represents
			       the tape	drive you're using.  This
			       might be	_/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something
			       similar,	but it will vary from
			       system to system.  In the above
			       example,	_d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s is a list of
			       filenames corresponding to the
			       distribution sets that you wish to
			       place on	the tape.  For instance,
			       to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,,	bbaassee,, and
			       eettcc distributions on tape (the
			       absolute	minimum	required for
			       installation), you would	do the
			       following:

				     # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--99..55
				     # ccdd ii338866//bbiinnaarryy
				     # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e
				     kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..ttggzz bbaassee..ttggzz
				     eettcc..ttggzz

			       _N_o_t_e_:  You still	need to	fill in
				      _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example.

			       Once you	have the files on the
			       tape, you can proceed to	the next
			       step in the installation	or
			       upgrade process.	 If you're
			       installing NetBSD from scratch, go
			       to the section on preparing your
			       hard disk, below.  If you're
			       upgrading an existing installa-
			       tion, go	directly to the	section
			       on upgrading.

   PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn
     First and foremost, before	beginning the installation
     process, _m_a_k_e _s_u_r_e	_y_o_u _h_a_v_e _a _r_e_l_i_a_b_l_e _b_a_c_k_u_p of any data on
     your hard disk that you wish to keep.  Mistakes in	parti-
     tioning your hard disk may	lead to	data loss.

     It	is strongly recommended	that as	part of	the installation
     procedure,	you upgrade your system's BIOS to the latest ver-
     sion available from your system vendor.  Later BIOSes often
     contain workarounds for CPU and chipset bugs, workarounds
     that cannot be provided by	the operating system.

     In	the past, bugs fixed this way have been	known to cause
     unpredictable behaviour and frequent system crashes with
     NetBSD and	other UNIX-like	operating systems on x86 hard-
     ware.

     Before you	begin, you should be aware of the geometry issues
     that may arise in relation	to your	hard disk.  First of all,
     you should	know about sector size.	 You can count on this to
     be	512 bytes; other sizes are rare	(and currently not sup-
     ported).  Of particular interest are the number of	sectors
     per track,	the number of tracks per cylinder (also	known as
     the number	of heads), and the number of cylinders.	 Together
     they describe the disk geometry.

     The BIOS has a limit of 1024 cylinders and	63 sectors per
     track for doing BIOS I/O.	This is	because	of the old pro-
     gramming interface	to the BIOS that restricts these values.
     Most of the big disks currently being used	have more than
     1024 real cylinders.  Some	have more than 63 sectors per
     track.  Therefore,	the BIOS can be	instructed to use a fake
     geometry that accesses most of the	disk and the fake geome-
     try has less than or equal	to 1024	cylinders and less than
     or	equal to 63 sectors.  This is possible because the disks
     can be addressed in a way that is not restricted to these
     values, and the BIOS can internally perform a translation.
     This can be activated in most modern BIOSes by using _L_a_r_g_e
     or	_L_B_A mode for the disk.

     NetBSD does not have the mentioned	limitations with regard
     to	the geometry.  However,	since the BIOS has to be used
     during startup, it	is important to	know about the geometry
     the BIOS uses.  The NetBSD	kernel should be on a part of the
     disk where	it can be loaded using the BIOS, within	the limi-
     tations of	the BIOS geometry.  The	install	program	will
     check this	for you, and will give you a chance to correct
     this if this is not the case.

     If	you have not yet installed any other systems on	the hard
     disk that you plan	to install NetBSD on, or if you	plan to
     use the disk entirely for NetBSD, you may wish to check your
     BIOS settings for the `Large' or `LBA' modes, and activate
     them for the hard disk in question.  While	they are not
     needed by NetBSD as such, doing so	will remove the	limita-
     tions mentioned above, and	will avoid hassle should you wish
     to	share the disk with other systems.  Do _n_o_t change these
     settings if you already have data on the disk that	you want
     to	preserve!

     In	any case, it is	wise to	check your the BIOS settings for
     the hard disk geometry before beginning the installation,
     and write them down.  While this should usually not be
     needed, it	enables	you to verify that the install program
     determines	these values correctly.

     The geometry that the BIOS	uses will be referred to as the
     _B_I_O_S _g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y, the	geometry that NetBSD uses is the _r_e_a_l
     _g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y.

     ssyyssiinnsstt, the NetBSD installation program, will try	to dis-
     cover both	the real geometry and BIOS geometry.

     It	is _i_m_p_o_r_t_a_n_t that ssyyssiinnsstt know the proper BIOS geometry
     to	be able	to get NetBSD to boot, regardless of where on
     your disk you put it.  It is less of a concern if the disk
     is	going to be used entirely for NetBSD.  If you intend to
     have several OSes on your disk, this becomes a much larger
     issue.

   IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm
     _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m

     1.	  _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n

	  Using	ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a	relatively easy
	  process.  Still, you should read this	document and have
	  it available during the installation process.	 This
	  document tries to be a good guide to the installation,
	  and as such, covers many details for the sake	of com-
	  pleteness.  Do not let this discourage you; the install
	  program is not hard to use.

     2.	  _P_o_s_s_i_b_l_e _h_a_r_d_w_a_r_e _p_r_o_b_l_e_m_s

	  Should you encounter hardware	problems during	installa-
	  tion,	try rebooting after unplugging removable devices
	  you don't need for installation.  Non-removable devices
	  can be disabled with uusseerrccoonnff	(use bboooott --cc to	enter
	  it).

     3.	  _G_e_n_e_r_a_l

	  The following	is a walk-through of the steps you will
	  take while installing	NetBSD on your hard disk.
	  ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven program that	guides you
	  through the installation process.  Sometimes questions
	  will be asked, and in	many cases the default answer
	  will be displayed in brackets	(``[ ]'') after	the ques-
	  tion.	 If you	wish to	stop the installation, you may
	  press	CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have
	  to begin the installation process again from scratch by
	  running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the	command	prompt.
	  It is	not necessary to reboot.

     4.	  _Q_u_i_c_k	_i_n_s_t_a_l_l

	  First, let's describe	a quick	install.  The other sec-
	  tions	of this	document go into the installation proce-
	  dure in more detail, but you may find	that you do not
	  need this.  If you want detailed instructions, skip to
	  the next section.  This section describes a basic
	  installation,	using a	CD / DVD (or USB stick)	as the
	  install media.

	  ++oo   What you need.

	      --	  The distribution sets	(in this example, they
		  are on the CD	or DVD).

	      --	  A minimum of 32 MB of	memory installed.

	      --	  An optical drive.

	      --	  A hard drive with at least 600 MB of free space
		  for a	complete base install, not including room
		  for swap.  If	you wish to install the	X Window
		  System as well, you will need	at least 225 MB
		  more.

	  ++oo   The Quick	Installation

	      --	  Insert the CD	into the drive or the USB mem-
		  stick	into an	available USB port and boot the
		  computer from	it.

			  .***********************************************.
			  * NetBSD-9.5 Install System			  *
			  *						  *
			  *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk		  *
			  * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard	disk		  *
			  * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
			  * d: Reboot the computer			  *
			  * e: Utility menu				  *
			  * f: Config menu				  *
			  * x: Exit Install System			  *
			  .***********************************************.

	      --	  If you wish, you can configure some network
		  settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy
		  mmeennuu and then	CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk.  It isn't
		  actually required at this point, but it may be
		  more convenient.  Go back to the main	menu.

	      --	  Choose IInnssttaallll.

	      --	  You will be guided through the setup of your
		  disk.

	      --	  You will be asked to choose which distribution
		  sets to install.

	      --	  When prompted, choose	CCDD--RROOMM as the install
		  medium if booted from	CD-ROM.	 The default val-
		  ues for the path and device should be	ok.  If
		  you booted using a USB image,	choose LLooccaall
		  ddiirreeccttoorryy.

	      --	  After	the installation process has completed,
		  you will be brought back to the main menu,
		  where	you should select RReebboooott..

	      --	  NetBSD will now boot.	 If you	didn't set a
		  password for the root	user when prompted by
		  ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a pass-
		  word should be your first task.  You are also
		  advised to read afterboot(8).

     5.	  _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D

	  Boot your machine.  The boot loader will start, which
	  will print a countdown and begin booting.  You may want
	  to read the boot messages, to	notice your disk's name
	  and geometry.	 Its name will be something like sd0 or
	  wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that
	  begins with its name.	 As mentioned above, you may need
	  your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions.
	  You will also	need to	know the name, to tell ssyyssiinnsstt on
	  which	disk to	install.  The most important thing to
	  know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for	your first
	  SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc.	sd0 is your first
	  SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc.

	  Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes-
	  sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and
	  a main menu.	It will	also include instructions for
	  using	the menus.

     6.	  _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n

	  If you do not	intend to use networking during	the
	  installation,	but you	do want	your machine to	be con-
	  figured for networking once it is installed, you should
	  first	go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree
	  nneettwwoorrkk option.  If you only want to temporarily use
	  networking during the	installation, you can specify
	  these	parameters later.  If you are not using	the
	  Domain Name System (DNS), you	can give an empty
	  response when	asked to provide a server.

     7.	  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s

	  To start the installation, select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo
	  hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu.

	  The first thing is to	identify the disk on which you
	  want to install NetBSD.  ssyyssiinnsstt will	report a list of
	  disks	it finds and ask you for your selection.  You
	  should see disk names	like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1.

	  ssyyssiinnsstt next tries to	figure out the real and	BIOS
	  geometry of your disk.  It will present you with the
	  values it found, if any, and will give you a chance to
	  change them.	Normally, the values it	presents will be
	  correct.

     8.	  _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l

	  The next step	is to choose which distribution	sets you
	  wish to install.  Options are	provided for full, mini-
	  mal, and custom installations.  If you choose	sets on
	  your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected.

     9.	  _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k

	  ++oo   Choosing which portion of	the disk to use.

	      You will be asked	if you want to use the entire
	      disk or only part	of the disk.  If you decide to
	      use the entire disk for NetBSD, ssyyssiinnsstt will check
	      for the presence of other	operating systems and you
	      will be asked to confirm that you	want to	overwrite
	      these.

	  If you want to use the entire	disk for NetBSD, you can
	  skip the following section and go to _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D
	  _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l.

     10.  _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _M_a_s_t_e_r _B_o_o_t _R_e_c_o_r_d

	  You will be presented	with the current values	stored in
	  the MBR, and will be given the opportunity to	change,
	  create or delete partitions.	For each partition you
	  can set the type, the	start and the size.  Setting the
	  type to uunnuusseedd will delete a partition.  You can also
	  mark a partition as active, meaning that this	is the
	  one that the BIOS will start from at boot time.

	  Be sure to mark the partition	you want to boot from as
	  active!

	  After	you are	done editing the MBR, a	sanity check will
	  be done, checking for	partitions that	overlap.  Depend-
	  ing on the BIOS capabilities of your machine and the
	  parameters of	the NetBSD partition you have specified,
	  you may also be asked	if you want to install newer
	  bootcode in your MBR.	 If you	have multiple operating
	  systems on the disk that you are installing on, you
	  will also be given the option	to install a bootselec-
	  tor, which will allow	you to pick the	operating system
	  to start up when your	computer is (re-)started.

	  If everything	is ok, you can go on to	the next step,
	  editing the NetBSD disklabel.

     11.  _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l

	  The partition	table of the NetBSD part of a disk is
	  called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l.  If your disk already has	a diskla-
	  bel written to it, you can choose UUssee	eexxiissttiinngg
	  ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess.  Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess	ooff NNeettBBSSDD
	  ppaarrttiittiioonnss.

	  After	you have chosen	your partitions	and their sizes
	  (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you
	  will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla-
	  bel and given	one more chance	to change it.  For each
	  partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block
	  and fragment size, and the mount point.  The type that
	  NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called	44..22BBSSDD.
	  A swap partition has a special type called sswwaapp.  Some
	  partitions in	the disklabel have a fixed purpose.

		a	Root partition (_/)

		b	Swap partition.

		c	The NetBSD portion of the disk.

		d	The entire disk.

		e-p	Available for other use.  Traditionally,
			e is the partition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but
			this is	historical practice and	not a
			fixed value.

	  You will then	be asked to name your disk's disklabel.
	  The default response will be ok for most purposes.  If
	  you choose to	name it	something different, make sure
	  the name is a	single word and	contains no special char-
	  acters.  You don't need to remember this name.

     12.  _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k

	  _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n.  Nothing has
	  been written to your disk yet, but if	you confirm that
	  you want to install NetBSD, your hard	drive will be
	  modified.  If	you are	sure you want to proceed, select
	  yyeess.

	  The install program will now label your disk and create
	  the file systems you specified.  The file systems will
	  be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries
	  and configuration files.  You	will see messages on your
	  screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools
	  that are running.  There should be no	errors in this
	  section of the installation.	If there are, restart
	  from the beginning of	the installation process.  Other-
	  wise,	you can	continue the installation program after
	  pressing the return key.

     13.  _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s

	  The NetBSD distribution consists of a	number of _s_e_t_s
	  that come in the form	of gzipped tar files.  At this
	  point, you will be presented with a menu which enables
	  you to choose	from one of the	following methods of
	  installing the sets.	Some of	these methods will first
	  transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will
	  extract the sets directly.

	  For all these	methods, the first step	is to make the
	  sets available for extraction.  The sets can be made
	  available in a few different ways.  The following sec-
	  tions	describe each of the methods.  After reading
	  about	the method you will be using, you can continue to
	  the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'.

     14.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M

	  When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to
	  specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive	(usually
	  cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the
	  distribution files are.

	  ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually
	  present in the specified location and	proceed	to the
	  extraction of	the sets.

     15.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P

	  To install using ftp,	you first need to configure your
	  network setup	if you haven't already done so.	 ssyyssiinnsstt
	  will help you	with this, asking if you want to use
	  DHCP.	 If you	do not use DHCP, you can enter network
	  configuration	details	yourself.  If you do not have DNS
	  set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
	  can just press RETURN	in answer to this question, and
	  DNS will not be used.

	  You will also	be asked to specify the	host that you
	  want to transfer the sets from, the directory	on that
	  host,	the account name and password used to log into
	  that host using ftp, and optionally a	proxy server to
	  use.	If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec-
	  ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp
	  server.

	  ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from	the
	  remote site to your hard disk.

     16.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S

	  To install using NFS,	you first need to configure your
	  network setup	if you haven't already done so.	 ssyyssiinnsstt
	  will do this for you,	asking you if you want to use
	  DHCP.	 If you	do not use DHCP, you can enter network
	  configuration	details	yourself.  If you do not have DNS
	  set up for the machine that you are installing on, you
	  can just press RETURN	in answer to this question, and
	  DNS will not be used.

	  You will also	be asked to specify the	host that you
	  want to transfer the sets from and the directory on
	  that host that the files are in.  This directory should
	  be mountable by the machine you are installing on,
	  i.e.,	correctly exported to your machine.

	  If you did not set up	DNS, you will need to specify an
	  IP address instead of	a hostname for the NFS server.

     17.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _f_l_o_p_p_y _s_e_t

	  Because the installation sets	are too	big to fit on one
	  floppy, the floppies are expected to be filled with the
	  split	set files.  The	floppies are expected to be in
	  MS-DOS format.  You will be asked for	a directory where
	  the sets should be reassembled.  Then	you will be
	  prompted to insert the floppies containing the split
	  sets.	 This process will continue until all the sets
	  have been loaded from	floppy.

     18.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m

	  In order to install from a local file	system,	you will
	  need to specify the device that the file system resides
	  on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and
	  the directory	on the specified file system where the
	  sets are located.  ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if	it can
	  indeed access	the sets at that location.

     19.  _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y

	  This option assumes that you have already done some
	  preparation yourself.	 The sets should be located in a
	  directory on a file system that is already accessible.
	  ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory.

     20.  _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s

	  A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution
	  sets are being extracted.

	  After	all the	files have been	extracted, the device
	  node files will be created.  If you have already con-
	  figured networking, you will be asked	if you want to
	  use this configuration for normal operation.	If so,
	  these	values will be installed in the	network	configu-
	  ration files.

     21.  _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s

	  The next menu	will allow you to select a number of
	  additional items to configure, including the time zone
	  that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right
	  offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial
	  root password.

	  You can also enable installation of binary packages,
	  which	installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing	binary
	  packages for third-party software.  This will	feel
	  familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or
	  yyuumm.	If you prefer to install third-party software
	  from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree.

	  Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8),
	  ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8).

     22.  _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n

	  Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD
	  9.5.	You can	now reboot the machine and boot	NetBSD
	  from hard disk.

   PPoosstt	iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss
     Once you've got the operating system running, there are a
     few things	you need to do in order	to bring the system into
     a properly	configured state.  The most important steps are
     described below.

     1.	  Before all else, read	postinstall(8).

     2.	  Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f

	  If you or the	installation software haven't done any
	  configuration	of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f	(ssyyssiinnsstt normally will),
	  the system will drop you into	single user mode on first
	  reboot with the message

		/etc/rc.conf is	not configured.	Multiuser boot
		aborted.

	  and with the root file system	(_/) mounted read-only.
	  When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply
	  press	RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt.  If you are
	  asked	for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200	(or what-
	  ever is appropriate for your terminal	type) and press
	  RETURN.  You may need	to type	one of the following com-
	  mands	to get your delete key to work properly, depend-
	  ing on your keyboard:
		# ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh''
		# ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??''
	  At this point, you need to configure at least	one file
	  in the _/_e_t_c directory.  You will need	to mount your
	  root file system read/write with:
		# //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww //
	  Change to the	_/_e_t_c directory and take	a look at the
	  _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file.  Modify it	to your	tastes,	making
	  sure that you	set rc_configured=YES so that your
	  changes will be enabled and a	multi-user boot	can pro-
	  ceed.	 Default values	for the	various	programs can be
	  found	in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where	some in-line doc-
	  umentation may be found.  More complete documentation
	  can be found in rc.conf(5).

	  When you have	finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt
	  at the prompt	to leave the single-user shell and con-
	  tinue	with the multi-user boot.

	  Other	values that may	need to	be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f
	  for a	networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly
	  _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e.	 You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t
	  for your <int> network interface, along the lines of

		ifconfig_wm0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask
		255.255.255.0"

	  or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m	in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s:

		ifconfig_wm0="inet myname.my.dom netmask
		255.255.255.0"

	  To enable proper hostname resolution,	you will also
	  want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are
	  feeling a little more	adventurous) run named(8).  See
	  resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

	  Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be
	  used by setting dhcpcd=YES in	_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f.

     3.	  Logging in

	  After	reboot,	you can	log in as root at the login
	  prompt.  If you didn't set a password	in ssyyssiinnsstt, there
	  is no	initial	password.  You should create an	account
	  for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
	  ``root'' account with	good passwords.	 By default, root
	  login	from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)).
	  One way to become root over the network is to	log in as
	  a different user that	belongs	to group ``wheel'' (see
	  group(5)) and	use su(1) to become root.

     4.	  Adding accounts

	  Use the useradd(8) command to	add accounts to	your sys-
	  tem.	Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d	directly! See vipw(8) and
	  pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

     5.	  The X	Window System

	  If you installed the X Window	System,	you may	want to
	  read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_:
		hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll:

     6.	  Installing third party packages

	  If you wish to install any of	the software freely
	  available for	UNIX-like systems you are strongly
	  advised to first check the NetBSD package system,
	  pkgsrc.  pkgsrc automatically	handles	any changes nec-
	  essary to make the software run on NetBSD.  This
	  includes the retrieval and installation of any other
	  packages the software	may depend upon.

	  ++oo   More information on the package system is	available
	      at
		    hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll

	  ++oo   A	list of	available packages suitable for	browsing
	      is at
		    hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll

	  ++oo   Precompiled binaries can be found	at
		    hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//
	      usually in the _i_3_8_6_/_9_._5_/_A_l_l subdir.  If you
	      installed	pkgin(1) in the	ssyyssiinnsstt	post-installation
	      configuration menu, you can use it to automatically
	      install binary packages over the network.	 Assuming
	      that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f	is cor-
	      rectly configured, you can install them with the
	      following	commands:

	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh
	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh
	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll
	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee
	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee
	      ##	ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx
	      ...

	      _N_o_t_e_:  Some mirror sites don't mirror the
		     _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory.

	      The above	commands will install the Tenex-csh and
	      Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming	language,
	      Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the
	      Firefox web browser as well as all the packages
	      they depend on.

	  ++oo   If you did not install it	from the ssyyssiinnsstt post-
	      installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7)
	      framework	for compiling packages can be obtained by
	      retrieving the file
		    hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ssttaabbllee//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz.
	      It is typically extracted	into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though
	      other locations work fine) with the commands:

		    # ccdd //uussrr
		    # ttaarr --zzxxppff	ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz

	      After extracting,	see the	_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in
	      the extraction directory (e.g.,
	      _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information.

     7.	  Misc

	  ++oo   Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to	forward	root mail to the
	      right place.  Don't forget to run	newaliases(1)
	      afterwards.

	  ++oo   Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run	any local daemons you
	      use.

	  ++oo   Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5
	      of the manual; so	just invoking

		    # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e

	      is likely	to give	you more information on	these
	      files.

   UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm
     The easiest way to	upgrade	to NetBSD 9.5 is with binaries,
     and that is the method documented here.

     To	do the upgrade,	you must have one form of boot media
     available.	 You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn
     binary distribution sets available.  Finally, you must have
     sufficient	disk space available to	install	the new	binaries.
     Since files already installed on the system are overwritten
     in	place, you only	need additional	free space for files
     which weren't previously installed	or to account for growth
     of	the sets between releases.

     Since upgrading involves replacing	the kernel, boot blocks,
     and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to
     cause data	loss.  You are strongly	advised	to _b_a_c_k	_u_p any
     important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat-
     ing system's partition on your disk before	beginning the
     upgrade process.

     The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but
     without the hard disk partitioning.

     Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the
     installation procedure; refer to the installation part of
     the document for help.  File systems are checked before
     unpacking the sets.

     After a new kernel	has been copied	to your	hard disk, your
     machine is	a complete NetBSD 9.5 system.  However,	that
     doesn't mean that you're finished with the	upgrade	process.
     You will probably want to update the set of device	nodes you
     have in _/_d_e_v.  If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by
     hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not,
     you can just cd into _/_d_e_v,	and run	the command:

	   # sshh	MMAAKKEEDDEEVV	aallll

     ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings	stored in your
     _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the
     postinstall(8) utility.  However, postinstall(8) is only
     able to deal with changes that are	easily automated.  It is
     recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any
     remaining configuration changes.

   CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess	WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess
     Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to
     bear the following	problems and compatibility issues in mind
     when upgrading to NetBSD 9.5.

     Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke

	   postinstall fix
     and thus all issues that are fixed	by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default
     will be handled.

     A number of things	have been removed from the NetBSD 9.5
     release.  See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section
     near the beginning	of this	document for a list.

   UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee	NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn
     Documentation is available	if you installed the manual dis-
     tribution set.  Traditionally, the	``man pages'' (documenta-
     tion) are denoted by `name(section)'.  Some examples of this
     are

	   ++oo   intro(1),
	   ++oo   man(1),
	   ++oo   apropos(1),
	   ++oo   passwd(1), and
	   ++oo   passwd(5).

     The section numbers group the topics into several cate-
     gories, but three are of primary interest:	user commands are
     in	section	1, file	formats	are in section 5, and administra-
     tive information is in section 8.

     The _m_a_n command is	used to	view the documentation on a
     topic, and	is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c.  The
     brackets [] around	the section should not be entered, but
     rather indicate that the section is optional.  If you don't
     ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num-
     bered section name	will be	displayed.  For	instance, after
     logging in, enter

	   # mmaann ppaasssswwdd

     to	read the documentation for passwd(1).  To view the docu-
     mentation for passwd(5), enter

	   # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd

     instead.

     If	you are	unsure of what man page	you are	looking	for,
     enter

	   # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d

     where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d	is your	topic of interest; a list of pos-
     sibly related man pages will be displayed.

   AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa
     If	you've got something to	say, do	so!  We'd like your
     input.  There are various mailing lists available via the
     mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g.  See
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss//
     for details.

     There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments
     and questions about this release.	Please send comments to:
     _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g.

     To	report bugs, use the send-pr(1)	command	shipped	with
     NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as
     you can.  Good bug	reports	include	lots of	details.

     Bugs also can be submitted	and queried with the web inter-
     face at
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll

     There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss
     aspects of	each port of NetBSD.  Use majordomo to find their
     addresses,	or visit
	   hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss//

     If	you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a
     specific port, you	probably should	contact	the `owner' of
     that port (listed below).

     If	you'd like to help with	NetBSD,	and have an idea as to
     how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe	to:
     _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g.

     As	a favor, please	avoid mailing huge documents or	files to
     these mailing lists.  Instead, put	the material you would
     have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro-
     priate list about it.  If you'd rather not	do that, mail the
     list saying you'll	send the data to those who want	it.

   TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo
     ++oo	 The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research
	 Group,	including (but not limited to):

	       Keith Bostic
	       Ralph Campbell
	       Mike Karels
	       Marshall	Kirk McKusick

	 for their work	on BSD systems,	support, and encourage-
	 ment.

     ++oo	 The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
	 NetBSD	FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS,
	 SUP, Rsync and	WWW servers.

     ++oo	 The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the
	 server	which runs the CVSweb interface	to the NetBSD
	 source	tree.

     ++oo	 The Columbia University Computer Science Department for
	 hosting the build cluster.

     ++oo	 The many organizations	that provide NetBSD mirror sites.

     ++oo	 Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage,
	 so our	hats go	off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the
	 various other people who've had a hand	in making CVS a
	 useful	tool.

     ++oo	 We list the individuals and organizations that	have made
	 donations or loans of hardware	and/or money, to support
	 NetBSD	development, and deserve credit	for it at
	       hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss//
	 (If you're not	on that	list and should	be, tell us!  We
	 probably were not able	to get in touch	with you, to ver-
	 ify that you wanted to	be listed.)

     ++oo	 Finally, we thank all of the people who've put	sweat and
	 tears into developing NetBSD since its	inception in Jan-
	 uary, 1993.  (Obviously, there	are a lot more people who
	 deserve thanks	here.  If you're one of	them, and would
	 like to be mentioned, tell us!)

   LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo
     All product names mentioned herein	are trademarks or regis-
     tered trademarks of their respective owners.

     The following notices are required	to satisfy the license
     terms of the software that	we have	mentioned in this docu-
     ment:

     NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation,
     Inc.
     This product includes software developed by the University
     of	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
     This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun-
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     This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun-
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     This product includes software developed for the NetBSD
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     This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
     Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
     This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
     Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
     This product includes software designed by	William	Allen
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     This product includes software developed at Ludd, University
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     This product includes software developed at the Information
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     This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and
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     Linden for	the NetBSD Project.
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     Buchanan.
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     for And Communications, http://www.and.com/
     This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-
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     and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD	Project.
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     for the NetBSD Project.
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     This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by
     Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX	Inc, North Carolina, USA.
     This software was developed by Holger Veit	and Brian Moore
     for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems.  "Simi-
     lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented
     systems for research and education, including but not
     restricted	to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD",	"Mach" (by CMU).
     The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and
     The Open Group, have given	us permission to reprint portions
     of	their documentation.

     In	the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers
     to	portions of the	system documentation.

     Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced	in
     electronic	form in	NetBSD,	from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004
     Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable
     Operating System Interface	(POSIX), The Open Group	Base
     Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by	the
     Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,	Inc and
     The Open Group.  In the event of any discrepancy between
     these versions and	the original IEEE and The Open Group
     Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is
     the referee document.

     The original Standard can be obtained online at
     http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

     This notice shall appear on any product containing	this
     material.

     In	the following statement, "This software" refers	to the
     parallel port driver:
	   This	software is a component	of "386BSD" developed by
	   William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

     Some files	have the following copyright:
	   Mach	Operating System
	   Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989	Carnegie Mellon	Univer-
	   sity
	   All Rights Reserved.

	   Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
	   software and	its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
	   vided that both the copyright notice	and this permis-
	   sion	notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
	   rivative works or modified versions,	and any	portions
	   thereof, and	that both notices appear in supporting
	   documentation.

	   CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
	   ITS CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL-
	   ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING
	   FROM	THE USE	OF THIS	SOFTWARE.

	   Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
	   return to
	   Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Dis-
	   tribution@CS.CMU.EDU
	   School of Computer Science
	   Carnegie Mellon University
	   Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

	   any improvements or extensions that they make and
	   grant Carnegie the rights to	redistribute these
	   changes.

     Some files	have the following copyright:
	   Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
	   All rights reserved.

	   Author: Chris G. Demetriou

	   Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this
	   software and	its documentation is hereby granted, pro-
	   vided that both the copyright notice	and this permis-
	   sion	notice appear in all copies of the software, de-
	   rivative works or modified versions,	and any	portions
	   thereof, and	that both notices appear in supporting
	   documentation.
	   CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN
	   ITS "AS IS" CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY
	   LIABILITY OF	ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
	   RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

	   Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to
	   return to
	   Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Dis-
	   tribution@CS.CMU.EDU
	   School of Computer Science
	   Carnegie Mellon University
	   Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

	   any improvements or extensions that they make and
	   grant Carnegie the rights to	redistribute these
	   changes.

     Some files	have the following copyright:
	   Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees	of The Leland
	   Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

	   Permission to use, copy, modify, and	distribute this
	   software and	its documentation for any purpose and
	   without fee is hereby granted, provided that	the above
	   copyright notice appear in all copies.  Stanford Uni-
	   versity makes no representations about the suitability
	   of this software for	any purpose.  It is provided "as
	   is" without express or implied warranty.

   TThhee EEnndd
NetBSD/i386 9.5			     Epoch		       NetBSD/i386 9.5
